Total 354 Fecal Sample (e.g., collected diarrheal pig farm -> Corona: Clinical sample detection A total of 354 fecal samples were collected from diarrheal pig farms located in Liaoning, Shandong, Chongqing, Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Gansu provinces of China between 2015 and 2018.). High Density Swine Farm (e.g., create condition bird pig -> Corona: While a small pilot study failed to identify porcine ?-CoVs in wild waterfowl in the Mississippi Flyway [27], the overlap of the bird migratory pathways and high density swine farms creates favorable conditions for birds and pigs to exchange ?-CoV pools directly or through some other intermediate hosts.). Coronavirus (e.g., existed pig farm -> Corona: PDCoV was detected out in 14 regions out of the 17 regions, including the regions of Xuchang (100%), Luohe (100%), Zhengzhou (66.67%) and Zhoukou (42.25%), implying this novel coronavirus existed widely in pig farms in Henan province (Fig. 1).). Pig Farm (e.g., experi outbreak diarrhea -> Corona: Pig farms have experienced sporadic outbreaks of diarrhea in pigs less than 3 weeks old, often without determining the causative agent, while assuming that the causative agent is PEDV, possibly masking the presence of deltacoronavirus.). Pdcov 29 (e.g., infect ag farmed pig -> Corona: In this research, we found that PDCoV 29 could infect various ages of farmed pigs with watery diarrhea and anorexia in 30 different seasons in a year. 31 Key words: PDCoV; Diarrhea; Pig age; Histopathology; qRT-PCR 32 Running title: PDCoV causes diarrhea in various ages of field-infected pigs 33 34 1.). Diarrhea Cau Porcine Deltacoronavirus Pdcov (e.g., isolated ve pig farm -> Corona: In 2014, a diarrhea-causing porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was isolated from ?ve pig farms in Ohio (Wang et al., 2014).). Colostrum (e.g., purchased pig farm -> Corona: Experimental challenge in piglets Fifteen newborn piglets without colostrum were purchased from one pig farm and were free of PEDV, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine deltacoronavirus, and porcine rotaviruses.). Deltacoronavirus Pdcov (e.g., reemerged pig farm -> Corona: During the past years, some alphacoronaviruses (PEDV, TGEV, and PEAV) and a deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) emerged or reemerged in the pig farms and resulted in severe diarrhea and mortality in the early stage of suckling piglets.). Wild Rat (e.g., 458 chinese pig farm -> Corona: It should be note that mice (C57BL/6J mice in this study) may not be the 458 optimal rodent species for SADS-CoV infection, as wild rats are more commonly seen in 459 Chinese pig farms.). Hog (e.g., pig -> ConceptNet: Hog is a pig, hoof mammal like pig -> ConceptNet: Hog is a hoof mammal like pig). Farm (e.g., grow -> CommonKB: Farm is a grow, ray -> CommonKB: Farm is a ray, produce -> CommonKB: Farm is a produce).).
Corona: These data also suggested that the co-infections of PDCoV with Pedv and tgev often occurred and had caused great damage to local pig farms. 3.2. Pedv tgev isa caused damage local pig farm. Derived fact. Pedv_tgev_isa_caused_damage_local_pig_farm
Corona: Clinical sample detection A Total of 354 fecal samples were collected from diarrheal pig farms located in Liaoning, Shandong, Chongqing, Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Gansu provinces of China between 2015 and 2018. Total 354 fecal sample isa collected diarrheal pig farm. Derived fact. Total_354_fecal_sample_isa_collected_diarrheal_pig_farm
Corona: These results indicated the pathogens of viral diarrhea disease in Chinese pig farms were complicated. 1 2 3 4 5-14 cycles Ampli?ca on 1500 RF U 1000 500 0 0 10 20 30 40 Fig. 3 The specificity of multiplex TaqMan-probe-based real-time RT-qPCR. 1 4: positive templates of TGEV, PDCoV, PEDV, and PEAV. 5 14: templates of PAsV, PKV, FMDV-O, FMDV-A, CSFV, PRRSV, PRV, PCV2, RrV, and nuclease-free water control Table 2 Sensitivity of multiplex RT-qPCR Templates (copies/gene) CT value TGEV PEDV PDCoV PEAV 1.1 107 11.54 12.05 12.16 11.88 1.1 106 15.30 15.66 16.98 15.18 1.1 105 18.77 18.76 20.37 18.60 1.1 104 22.55 22.84 24.22 22.38 1.1 103 25.71 26.04 27.31 25.54 1.1 102 28.75 28.94 30.03 28.40 1.1 101 ND ND ND ND NTC ND ND ND ND Appl Microbiol Biotechnol Discussion Porcine diarrheal disease is one of the most severe diseases in pig farms. Chinese pig farm isa complicated 1 2 3 4 1500 cycle. Derived fact. Chinese_pig_farm_isa_complicated_1500_cycle
Corona: While a small pilot study failed to identify porcine ?-CoVs in wild waterfowl in the Mississippi Flyway [27], the overlap of the bird migratory pathways and High density swine farms creates favorable conditions for birds and pigs to exchange ?-CoV pools directly or through some other intermediate hosts. High density swine farm isa create condition bird pig. Derived fact. High_density_swine_farm_isa_create_condition_bird_pig
Corona: Thereafter, Pdcov was also detected in farmed pigs with diarrhea in other countries, including South Korea (Jang et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2016), China (Dong et al., 2015; Song et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015), Thailand (Janetanakit et al., 2016), Japan (Suzuki et al., 2018), Laos, and Vietnam (Lorsirigool et al., 2016; Saeng-Chuto et al., 2017), causing great economic losses in the swine industry. Pdcov isa detected farmed pig. Derived fact. Pdcov_isa_detected_farmed_pig
Corona: While tgev has been identified throughout Europe1,8,49,50, Asia11,15,16,45, and North America5,6, only the Variant tgev genotype was detected in US pig farms since 2006, suggesting that Variant tgev is the dominant genotype currently circulating in the main pig raising Midwest, South-central, and Southeast regions. Variant tgev genotype isa detected pig farm. Derived fact. Variant_tgev_genotype_isa_detected_pig_farm
Corona: PDCoV was detected out in 14 regions out of the 17 regions, including the regions of Xuchang (100%), Luohe (100%), Zhengzhou (66.67%) and Zhoukou (42.25%), implying this novel Coronavirus existed widely in pig farms in Henan province (Fig. 1). Coronavirus isa existed pig farm. Derived fact. Coronavirus_isa_existed_pig_farm
Corona: Pig farms have experienced sporadic outbreaks of diarrhea in Pigs less than 3 weeks old, often without determining the causative agent, while assuming that the causative agent is PEDV, possibly masking the presence of deltacoronavirus. Pig farm isa experi outbreak diarrhea. Derived fact. Pig_farm_isa_experi_outbreak_diarrhea
Corona: In this research, we found that Pdcov 29 could infect various ages of farmed pigs with watery diarrhea and anorexia in 30 different seasons in a year. 31 Key words: Pdcov; Diarrhea; pig age; Histopathology; qRT-PCR 32 Running title: Pdcov causes diarrhea in various ages of field-infected pigs 33 34 1. Pdcov 29 isa infect ag farmed pig. Derived fact. Pdcov_isa_infect_farmed_pig
Corona: However, in this 256 study, one swine farm outbroke pdcov in June, which is a very hot month in Henan 257 Province of China, indicating that we need to continue monitoring the prevalence of 258 pdcov in all the seasons. 259 In conclusion, we found that field infection of pdcov can lead to diarrhea, 260 wasting and other clinical symptoms not only in sucking piglets and weaned pigs, but 261 also in fattening pigs and sows in both cold and warm months, which indicated that 262 pdcov could infect various ages of farmed pigs with watery diarrhea. 263 264 Sources of Funding 265 This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China [grant numbers 266 2016YFD0500102], and the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant 267 numbers U1704231, 31772773]. 268 269 Acknowledgments 270 We are grateful to all other staffs of the Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food 271 Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan. 272 Author contribution 273 Zhanyong Wei designed and funded the study, Bingxiao Li and Lanlan Zheng 274 performed the experiments and analyzed the results, Lanlan Zheng and Bingxiao Li 275 drafted the manuscript, and Haiyan Li, Qingwen Ding and Yabin Wang participated 276 in correcting the manuscript. X256 pdcov isa infect age farmed pig. Derived fact. X256_pdcov_isa_infect_age_farmed_pig
Corona: In 2014, a Diarrhea-causing porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was isolated from ?ve pig farms in Ohio (Wang et al., 2014). Diarrhea cau porcine deltacoronavirus pdcov isa isolated ve pig farm. Derived fact. Diarrhea_cau_porcine_deltacoronavirus_pdcov_isa_isolated_pig_farm
Corona: Twenty?ve 5-day-old piglets were purchased from a commercial pig farm and were randomly divided into ?ve groups housed in separated containments (Table 1). X5 day piglet isa purchased commercial pig farm. Derived fact. day_piglet_isa_purchased_commercial_pig_farm
Corona: Experimental challenge in piglets Fifteen newborn piglets without Colostrum were purchased from one pig farm and were free of PEDV, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine deltacoronavirus, and porcine rotaviruses. Colostrum isa purchased pig farm. Derived fact. Colostrum_isa_purchased_pig_farm
Corona: During the past years, some alphacoronaviruses (PEDV, TGEV, and PEAV) and a Deltacoronavirus (pdcov) emerged or reemerged in the pig farms and resulted in severe diarrhea and mortality in the early stage of suckling piglets. Deltacoronavirus pdcov isa reemerged pig farm. Derived fact. Deltacoronavirus_pdcov_isa_reemerged_pig_farm
Corona: Complete genome sequence analysis Four Representative pdcov henan strains were selected from four di?erent pig farms that the pigs had severe diarrhea at di?erent times to sequence the complete genome by the Sanger method. Representative pdcov henan strain isa selected di erent pig farm. Derived fact. Representative_pdcov_henan_strain_isa_selected_erent_pig_farm
Corona: PDCoV detection results by RT-PCR *, positive number of PDCoV fecal samples SIC of suckling Piglets suckling Piglets weaned Pigs fattening Pigs sows farm A 8*/8 8*/10 10*/13 13*/16 8*/8 farm B 8*/10 6*/12 6*/12 9*/15 5*/6 farm C 12*/15 6*/13 8*/17 10*/16 6*/6 Total 28*/33 20*/35 24*/42 32*/47 19*/20 Pig isa sow farm. Derived fact. Pig_isa_sow_farm
Corona: It should be note that mice (C57BL/6J mice in this study) may not be the 458 optimal rodent species for SADS-CoV infection, as Wild rats are more commonly seen in 459 chinese pig farms. Wild rat isa 458 chinese pig farm. Derived fact. Wild_rat_isa_458_chinese_pig_farm
ConceptNet: Pig is a farm animate Pig isa farm animate. Derived fact
ConceptNet: Pig is a common farm animate Pig isa common farm animate. Derived fact
ConceptNet: Pig is a farm Pig isa farm. Derived fact